subota, 31. prosinca 2011.
srijeda, 28. prosinca 2011.
utorak, 27. prosinca 2011.
nedjelja, 25. prosinca 2011.
http://ping.fm/AWsTw - It has been quite time since we wrote anything new regarding cardiac health. After our rewarded cardiac pacemaker procedure we have decided to focus today on cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy).
utorak, 20. prosinca 2011.
subota, 17. prosinca 2011.
četvrtak, 15. prosinca 2011.
srijeda, 14. prosinca 2011.
četvrtak, 8. prosinca 2011.
nedjelja, 4. prosinca 2011.
ponedjeljak, 28. studenoga 2011.
četvrtak, 24. studenoga 2011.
ponedjeljak, 21. studenoga 2011.
ponedjeljak, 14. studenoga 2011.
petak, 11. studenoga 2011.
nedjelja, 6. studenoga 2011.
četvrtak, 3. studenoga 2011.
srijeda, 2. studenoga 2011.
ponedjeljak, 31. listopada 2011.
srijeda, 26. listopada 2011.
utorak, 25. listopada 2011.
srijeda, 19. listopada 2011.
utorak, 18. listopada 2011.
nedjelja, 16. listopada 2011.
petak, 14. listopada 2011.
srijeda, 12. listopada 2011.
nedjelja, 9. listopada 2011.
subota, 8. listopada 2011.
petak, 7. listopada 2011.
srijeda, 5. listopada 2011.
utorak, 4. listopada 2011.
ponedjeljak, 3. listopada 2011.
nedjelja, 2. listopada 2011.
subota, 1. listopada 2011.
petak, 30. rujna 2011.
http://ping.fm/cZ5Me - Intra aortic balloon pump (IABP), very interesting article, please take your time and support us.
srijeda, 28. rujna 2011.
nedjelja, 25. rujna 2011.
petak, 23. rujna 2011.
utorak, 20. rujna 2011.
ponedjeljak, 19. rujna 2011.
četvrtak, 15. rujna 2011.
utorak, 13. rujna 2011.
subota, 10. rujna 2011.
Cardiac Health: http://ping.fm/aFDRp - How to Improve Your Vision ...
Cardiac Health: http://ping.fm/aFDRp - How to Improve Your Vision ...: http://ping.fm/aFDRp - How to Improve Your Vision Without Glasses
srijeda, 7. rujna 2011.
utorak, 6. rujna 2011.
srijeda, 31. kolovoza 2011.
What is Permanent Pacemaker?
(Foreword: Permanent Pacemaker article is written only to ease up internet search for “Permanent Pacemaker” and to help resolve this issue. To clarify in further text biventrilucar pacemaker is also a type of permanent pacemaker and do not let this confuse you.)* * *
A permanent pacemaker consists of a generator and leads which are implanted into the upper chest through a small incision. The generator is a metal case containing the power source and a timer that regulates how often the pacemaker sends out electrical signals. As mentioned in cardiac pacemaker indroduction article here you will be able to find out everything you need about permanent pacemaker. The first permanent pacemaker was implanted in 1958. A Biventricular permanent pacemaker (Bivent PPM) is a device that is used to coordinate the chambers of the heart so that they pump more effectively. Risks are the same like for any pacemaker implantation surgery. It could be notable to say that there are three main types of permanent pacemakers, depending on the number of chambers involved: single-chamber pacemaker, dual-chamber pacemaker, rate-responsive pacemaker.
Since I have said almost everything one needs to know about pacemaker in previous articles, keeping my main focus on biventricular pacemaker I will use my space here to write a tell you a short story that happened in my hospital:
A few years ago a very old patient came in a very bad condition. Apparently the patient had a heart stroke and the family brought his Pacemaker Identification Card. They were not aware how can a patients have heart problem after they got successfully implanted their permanent pacemaker, so they complained there was a pacemaker failure. The truth was something different: Pacemaker was still working, but the heart stopped working. Heart is a complex organ and in this specific case it just got tired, because of the age and condition of a patient. Permanent pacemaker will help you pump blood into organs, it will keep your heart working, extend your life and probably be your lifesaver for some years, but the truth is no one, not even a most skillful surgeon or cardiologist can predict how much will it take for your heart to get tired of its life. A specific risk are people over 60 years, but thanks to this remarkable device they can still live their life in normal way. True lifesaver – a permanent pacemaker!Copyright from http://feelgoodtime.net. All rights reserved.
What is Biventricular Pacemaker?
Biventricular pacemaker, also known as CRT (cardiac resynchronization therapy) is a type of pacemaker that can pace both the septal and lateral walls of the left ventricle. As promised in cardiac pacemakers introduction article in this one you will be able to find out everything you need or want to know about biventricular pacemaker. A heart whose opposing walls are not synchronized (20% – 25% of patients have this problem) is now resynchronized with biventricular pacemaker. Timing between the atrial and ventricular contractions can be adjusted to achieve optimal cardiac function. Also a biventricular pacemaker can be easily combined with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. It is notable to say that biventricular pacemaker is a procedure for patients who have drug therapy resistance.Biventricular Pacemaker Cost
Cost of biventricular pacemaker could be an issue. The cost of one biventrical pacemaker is near 20000$ (US dollars) and more if it comes with defibrillator. Probably the best clinic in US for this surgery is Cleveland Clinic Heart Center. There are some clinics in India that offer this surgery for a little more then 13000$ (US dollars).Biventricular Pacemaker Complications
For any biventricular pacemaker complications you should talk with your doctor – cardiologist. Surgery is standard procedure but patient must be aware of the complications. Some of most common complications are:- Bleeding
- Haematoma
- Infections
- Equipment failure (sometimes it happens that body rejects pace box)
- Heart failure
- Potential surgery complications (human factor)
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What is Cardiac Pacemaker? – Pacemaker Procedure?
A cardiac pacemaker is an artificial electrical stimulator which consists of a pulse generator and electrode catheters that transmit impulses to the artificial heart. Pulse Generator is a small sealed metal box, the battery powered, embedded under the skin below the collarbone on the left or right side. The modern pulse generators have weight about 20 grams and are suitable for subcutaneous implantation, which provides a comfortable living and full activity of cardiac pacemaker. Electrode catheters are special cables for conducting electricity with a diameter around 2-3 mm and are made from the conductor that carries electrical current from the pulse generator to the heart, the insulator that serves to prevent the transfer of power to the casual structure, and electrodes on its top by which electrical impulses through direct contact apply on the endocardium of the heart.There are two primary types of cardiac pacemakers: a standard cardiac pacemaker that triggers the chambers of the heart, and an internal defibrillator/pacemaker combination known as a cardioverter defibrillator (In next articles we will keep primary focus on biventricular pacemaker and permanent pacemaker).
Cardiac Pacemaker Surgery
Pacemakers must be installed into surgical conditions, and in surgical catheterization rooms. Cardiac pacemakers are implanted in the conditions of local infiltrative anesthesia and for pediatric patients or very old people may be required implantation under general anesthesia. Regarding the anatomic approach, the present recommendations are that the first cardiac pacemaker surgery road should be cephalic vein cutting method for one or two electrode.Pacemaker surgery is simple and relatively brief procedure. In the operating room is an x-ray by which a cardiologist looks at the implanting of electrodes into the heart, the devices to adjust the implanted pacemaker and to the patient’s heart rhythm and surgical instruments. One or two electrodes are inserted in a vein in the regions below the clavicle, and through it to permeate the inner wall of the right chamber or antechamber, where they fix themselves. Guiding of the electrodes into the heart of is controlled by the X-ray. Generator is instilled into the small “pocket” under the skin and connects to the electrodes (electrode) which were inserted into the heart. Generator is adjusted to the optimal order and then the subcutaneous pocket is sewn up. Operations, together with adjustments, usually last from twenty minutes to an hour and a half, depending on the type of cardiac pacemaker, the number of electrodes and condition of the patient.
Pacemaker Surgery Recovery
Over the next 24-48 hours the patient’s side of the chest, where the cardiac pacemaker was implanted remains partially immobilized with the bandage, on which is a small bag with sand. The patient should not get up from bed 24 hours after surgery, so the electrode in the heart would not be moved from the optimal position. The patient remains in hospital under the medical supervision for several days. Upon discharge the patient should come to the regular control according to the schedule assigned by the doctor – a cardiologist.Every patient should get their “Pacemaker Identification Card”(similar appearance to credit cards) on which are pacemaker surgery details, type of cardiac pacemaker that was implanted and the cardiologist information who conducted a surgery. The patients who were implanted a cardiac pacemaker should always carry these cards with themselves.
Pacemaker Risks – Pacemaker Battery
Cardiac pacemaker battery lasts for several years, depending on the rate of spending, of models and modes of pacemakers. Modern pacemaker batteries can last over ten years, but that does not mean you should ignore the regular checks and wait to the battery is fully discharged. If it is on a regular cardiac pacemaker control shown that pacemaker battery is on the end of its working life, it must be replaced. The replacing of batteries is conducted with your cardiologists approval and agreement. The mere replacement is a minor surgical intervention, simpler and shorter than the implant. After replacing the generator patient usually goes home the same day, possibly for a day or two.Cardiac Pacemaker risks are very rare, but it is sometimes necessary to take precautions, especially if you suspect that there is an impact on your pacemaker of strong external electromagnetic fields.
There is no danger from: radio equipment, music stereo-line, CD player, VCR, remote controls for them, wireless and wired standard home and office phones, microwave oven, electric oven and grill, toaster, blender, refrigerator, vacuum cleaner, washer, electric blankets, electric shavers, electric gas lighter, electric toothbrushes, portable (lap-top) computer, photocopier, fax, hearing aids, electrical plugs, boxes and cables, of course assuming they are installed in a proper way.
There is no big risk from nutrition, but you have to be careful depending of the type of your cardiac pacemaker, your cardiac illness and physical shape. People with implanted pacemakers may continue their usual sexual activity.
Special caution for cardiac pacemaker risks is recommended for: TV transmitters, radars and mobile phones (keep your mobile at least 30 cm from pacemaker; when you are using it, keep it on the opposite side of your cardiac pacemaker). For precautions and everything else regarding cardiac pacemaker, pacemaker surgery, pacemaker risks you should talk to your doctor.
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Cardiac muscle tissue builds infarction, middle and most important layer of the heart wall. The basic unit of tissue is a fiber that is called “cardiac cells”. But the functional heart muscle is completely different from skeletal. Cardiac cells are at the ends connected to one another. They branch out, forming elongated shoots that are still associated with neighboring cells.Cardiac muscle cells are mutually connected in a characteristic manner and to provide transitional plate (intercalated discs). Desmosoms mechanically connect the muscle cells and prevent their separation in regular contraction, while the tight connections allow continuous flow of ions. Thus, the signal for contraction in spreads like a wave from cell to cell. Cardiac muscle is also composed of densely compacted bundles of cells. Typically one cell contains a centrally located nucleus. This described cardiac cells form a working heart muscles.
There is also conductive muscles, and is located in a specific region of the heart. Their task is to create and conduct impulses to the working muscle cells. Such cells have less myofibril. The first area of conductive muscle makes SA node (nodus sinusatrialis) in which cells have the task of creating rhythmic impulse (pacemaker). On the border of atria and ventricle of another node, AV node (nodus atrioventricularis). Apart from these limited accumulation of cells there are bundles of fibers that provide the path of transmission of stimuli arising in the working muscle cells atria and ventricles (His beam and left and right branches). According to that the impulse conduction in muscle cells occurs spontaneously and from the SA node (the heart healthy) cells are transferred to the working cardiac muscles.
Intercalated discs
Intercalated discs are discs that contain inter-cellular junctions that link adjacent cells both electrically and mechanically. They help to hold adjacent cells together and transmit the force of contraction from cell to cell. The function of intercalated discs in short formula is that intercalated discs allow for quick transmission of the action potential so the entire chamber can contract as one unit. The intercalated discs have two important functions: one is to keep the myocytes together so that they do not pull apart when the heart contracts and to allow an electrical connection between the cardiac cells, which is vital to the function of the heart as a whole. This makes it possible for muscle impulses to travel rapidly from cardiac cell to cell.Mycoyte
They are the specialized striated muscle tissue of the heart, apart from myocardium. Cardiac myocytes are narrower and much shorter than skeletal muscle cells, being about 0.02 mm wide and 0.1 mm long, and are more rectangular than smooth muscle cells, which are normally spindle-shaped.Myocardium
They are the middle and thickest layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle.Cardiac cell
In next few articles we will focus more on cardiac cells and their heart function to the deepest layers.
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How To Prevent Heart Attacks Risks
A heart attack represents the death throes of oxygen-starved heart muscle. Your risk of having an heart attack depends on factors that influence fatty plague buildup in your coronary artery walls, formation of artery-clogging blood clots and the strength of the heart muscle itself. Controlling these factors can significantly reduce your risk of heart attack.Heart Attack Risk Factors
- Blood pressure. Blood coursing through the arteries at high pressure-more than 90 diastolic or 140 systolic – eventually wears away portions of the smooth arterial lining providing a foothold for plague. To reduce risk: Limit alcohol, which can have a direct hypertensive effect on the body; watch salt intake, since salt increases blood pressure in 30 to 50 percent of hypertensive people; and reduce stress through exercise or relaxation techniques. In these steps don’t work, medication becomes necessary. Once blood pressure is lowered, further damage to arteries is minimizes or stopped.
- Cholesterol levels. A total cholesterol (TC) of more than 240 mg/dl increases heart attack risk, and a level between 200 and 239 is considered borderline high. But one type of cholesterol – high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-actually helps keep arteries clear, so an ample HDL supply (above 60) is a positive factor, while too little (below 35) boosts coronary risk. To reduce risk: Limit saturated fat – found in meat and diary foods – and replace it with monounsaturated fat such as olive, canola or peanut oil; consume lots of fruits, vegetables, beans and grains. Cholesterol-lowering medications may be needed.
- Exercise. The heart, like any muscle, needs exercise to stay strong. Inactivity may cause blood to clot more easily. It also increases the chance of developing other risk factors, including undesirable cholesterol levels, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. To reduce risk: Moderate exercise, such as walking, can help the average person lose weight faster than heavy workouts, because most people can keep going longer at a moderate pace – and thus burn more calories. With your doctor’s okay, build up to a program of 45-minute workouts four or five times a week – and include strength-training, since the extra muscle it builds will burn calories faster.
- Obesity. Extra weight magnifies the chance of developing undesirable cholesterol levels, hypertension and diabetes. The most reliable criterion for obesity is body mass index of 30 or more, at which point the risk of heart disease rises sharply. A BMI (body mass index) from 27 through 29 – indicating moderate overweight – has been associated with a slightly increased risk of heart attack. To reduce risk: Fluctuations in weight from repeated dieting may actually be worse for the heart then a stable, excessive weight. The only way to lose weight safely and permanently is to modify exercise and eating habits permanently. Limit fats and eat lots of produce, grains and beans.
- Diabetes. Both Type I and II forms tend to damage arteries and promote hypertension and harmful cholesterol levels. To reduce risk: Controlling blood-sugar levels with diet, weight loss, exercise and, in some cases, medication, reduces coronary risk factors for Type I diabetics – and probably for Type II patients as well.
- Smoking Tobacco is at leas as destructive to the heart as to the lungs. It injures and constricts the arteries, cuts the flow of oxygen to the heart, stimulates clotting and blunts the protective effect of HDL cholesterol. Even chronic exposure to secondhand smoke boosts heart attack risk about 30 percent. To reduce risk: People who have stopped smoking for at least give years have the same heart attack risk as a people who never smoked. Try to quit cold. If you fail ask your doctor about nicotine gum or skin patches.
- Alcohol. Excessive drinking can wreak havoc throughout the body and increase the risk of heart attack. But alcohol boosts HDLs and inhibits clotting. People who drink moderately – up two drinks a day for men, and for women – have a 20- to 45- percent lower coronary risk than abstainers. But people who don’t drink shouldn’t start in order to protect their heart, since some are unable to control the habit.
- Hormone replacement. Taking supplemental estrogen after menopause may cut a woman’s chance of heart attack by one-third or more. But estrogen increases the risk of uterine cancer, so women who have not had heir uterus removed need to add progestin to neutralize risk. Whether the combination protects the heart as effectively as estrogen alone isn’t yet clear, but researchers believe it does confer a significant benefit. Your doctor can tell you more.
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